吉大自考本科计算机专业英语一 07757

发布日期:2014-06-17 点击次数:2271

英译汉
20. An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. 
We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources. The operating system acts as the manager of these resources.
操作系统是一种软件,它是作为在计算机用户和计算机硬件之间的一个接口. 
操作系统的目的是给要执行程序的用户提供一个环境.
可以把操作系统看作是一个资源分配程序
一个计算机系统有许多资源
操作系统是这些资源的管理者.
21.A computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components. 
The processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system. A single computer system may have several processors.
Each processor, sometimes called the central processing unit or CPU, has only two sections.
 All programs and data must be transferred to primary storage form an input device before programs can be executed or data can be processed.
一个计算机系统的组成部件有: 输入,输出,存储和处理
处理器是计算机系统的核心部件
一个计算机也行有多个处理器
有时候,处理器被称作中央处理机,它只有两个部件
程序执行之前或数据被访问之前,所有的程序和数据都必须经过输入设备传到主存储器
22. Many networks exist in the world, often with different hardware and software. People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one. 
Form the user’s point of view, the Web consists of a vast, worldwide collection of documents. 
Every Web site has a server process listening to TCP port 80 for incoming connections from clients. After a connection has been established, the client sends one request and the server sends one reply.
世界上有许多网络,它们具有不同的软件和硬件
连在某一网络上的人们经常同连在不同网络上的人们交流
从用户的观点来看,Web拥有巨大的,广泛的文档
每个Web站点有一个服务器,它通过监听TCP的80端口来查看来自用户的连接请求
一个连接建立之后,用户发送一个请求,然后服务器发送回答










汉译英
1.现已有超立方体软件和程序设计技术大全
There are hypercube and programming technology now
2.一台磁盘机磁头对要读出的数据进行定位所需的时间
The time a disk drive head needed to position to nead data
3.一些面向对象的程序设计概念在语言中渗透
Some object-oriented progamning concepts infil
4.万维网的基本功能是互联网资源访问
Internet resource access is the pnmary function of the World wide WEB
5.万维网可以被描述为互联网应用程序平台
THE WWW can be described as an internet application platform
6.用户在使用电子邮件系统前必须先将其启动
User must get their Email systems setup first before they can use them
7.MS-DOS是一种基于命令行的操作系统
Ms-dos is a command line interface based operating system
8.我们输入 输出设备存储来使用
We have the input outpu store devices to go
9.Linux是不是像Windows那样太大以及需要系统资源太多，以致于不能满足嵌入式系统的约束要求呢？与Windows不同，Linux本来就是模块化的，并且能够很容易缩减成紧缩配置，这种配置几乎与DOS差不多大，甚至能放到一张软盘上。此外，因为Linux源码是免费可用的，所以可以按照独特的嵌入式系统要求改编该操作系统。
这样，并不令人惊奇，开放源代码Linux已经建立了一个新的操作系统开发和支持范例，在那里数以千计的开发人员继续贡献于不断发展的Linux代码库。此外，几十家面向Linux的软件公司已经出现----它们热切支持那些为建立从工厂自动化到智能设备范围很广的应用系统的开发人员的需求。
Is Linux , like Windows , too large and demanding of system resources to fit the constraints of embedded system? Unlike Windows , Linux is inherently modular and can be easily scaled into compact configurations ,barely larger than DOS ,that can even fit on a single floppy. What’s more, since Linux source code id freely available, it’s possible to customize the OS according to unique embedded system requirements.
It’s not surprising, then, that open source Linux has created a new OS development and support paradigm wherein thousands of developers continually contribute to a constantly evolving Linux code base. In addition, dozens of Linux-oriented software companies have sprung up eager to support the needs of developers building a wide range of applications, ranging from factory to intelligent appliances.
10.对许多嵌入式系统，为了适应诸如RAM、固态盘、处理机速度，以及功耗的约束，嵌入的Linux的主要任务是，使系统所需的资源最小。嵌入式操作可能需要从一个芯片盘或紧凑闪存固态盘上自举；或者自举和运行在没有显示器和键盘的环境，或经由以太网连接，从远程设备装入应用程序。
现成的小Linux有许多来源，其中有日益增多的面向应用的Linux配置和分发版，这些都被修改成适用于特定的应用。例如路由器、防火墙、互联网/网络设备、网络服务器、网关等。
你也可选择建立你自己喜欢的嵌入式Linux，从一个标准分发版开始，略去不要的模块。虽然如此，还应该考虑从别人的工作配置基础上开始你的工作，因为他们的版本的源码可用于那个目的。最好的是，这种在别人努力的成果上建立系统，在Linux团体中不仅是完全合法的，也被鼓励。
For many embedded systems , the main challenge in embedding Linux is to minimize system resource requirements in order to fit within constraints such as ,RAM solid state disk(SSD), processor speed, and power consumption . Embedded operation may require booting from a DiskOnChip or CompactFlash SSD ; or booting and running without a display and keyboard ; or loading the application from a remote device via an Ethernet LAN connection. 
There are many resources of ready-made small foot-print Linux. Included among these are a growing number of application-oriented Linux configurations and distributions that are tuned to specific applications. Some examples are routers, firewalls ,internet/network appliances ,network servers ,gateways ,etc. 
You may also opt to create your own flavor of embedded Linux ,starting from a standard distribution and leaving out modules you don’t need. Even so ,you should consider jump-starting your efforts by beginning with someone else’s working configuration ,since the source code of their version will be available for that purpose . Best of all ,this sort of building on the efforts of others in the Linux community is not only completely legal but also encouraged!
11.一个长期目标可以是开发交互式程序变换系统，它帮助程序员把程序并行化并提供反馈和指导。这种想法的问题是半自动化程序变换实现办法仍然是现行研究的对象，甚至对于顺序程序也是。在中期内，导出实际的并行程序的、产品质量变换程序未必可能出现。传统的方法是讲授一些算法，然后用具有明显并行性的程序设计语言明确地表达它们。这很可能是更成功的，特别是因为已知的一些并行算法的主要部分很大，并且在迅速地增长。初步迹象表明，倘若语言与支持工具充分的话，书写并行软件不比书写顺序软件显著地更困难。
A long tem goal could be to develop interactive program transformation systems that assist programmers in parallelizing programs and provide feedback and guidance. The problem with this idea is that the approach of semiautomatic program transformations is still an object of active research, even for sequential programs. In the medium terms, a production-quality transformer for deriving realistic, parallel programs is unlikely to appear. The traditional method of teaching algorithms is likely to be more successful, especially since the body of known parallel algorithms is large and growing rapidly. Initial indications seem to be that writing parallel software is not significantly harder than writing sequential software, provided the languages and support tools are adequate.



英文全拼
32.ROM read-only memory
33.VDT Video Display Terminal
34.DOS Disk operating system
35.WAN Wide Area Network
36.LAN Local Area Network
37.IP      Internet Protocol
38.ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
39.MMX Multimedia Extensions
40.DNS Domain Name System
41.FTP   File Transfer Protocol
42.NC   Network Computer
43.CGA color/graphics adpter
44.GUIs Graphic User Interfaces
45.ISP       Internet Service Provider
46.DVD Digital Video Disk
47.WWW World Wide Web
48.CPU   Central Processing Unit

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